![winking smiley face for facebook winking smiley face for facebook](https://freesvg.org/img/winking_smiley_yellow_simple.png)
There are major differences between emoji and emoticons (Ganster, Eimler and Kramer, 2012).
![winking smiley face for facebook winking smiley face for facebook](http://clipart-library.com/images_k/smiley-emoji-transparent/smiley-emoji-transparent-24.png)
For instance, new Unicode releases (e.g., Unicode 11.0, released in 2016) include emoji that represent different social groups-varying, for example, in ethnicity (e.g., ) and age (e.g., ). Currently, more than 2,000 emoji are supported by different platforms, and they are constantly evolving and becoming more diverse ( ). Emoji are presumed to have been first proposed by Shegetaka Kurita during the late 1990s, who created them while working at a mobile phone operator in Japan to facilitate mobile communication (Negishi, 2014).
WINKING SMILEY FACE FOR FACEBOOK CODE
Įmoji (from the Japanese e + moji ) are graphic symbols with predefined names/IDs and code (Unicode), which include not only representations of facial expressions (e.g., ), abstract concepts (e.g., ), and emotions/feelings (e.g., ), but also animals (e.g., ), plants (e.g., ) activities (e.g., ), gestures/body parts (e.g., ), and objects (e.g., ). Other emoticons are represented in a right-way-up position. Footnote 1 Since then, emoticons have hugely increased in number, and the current list of emoticons is extensive, running from simple symbols to highly complex ones (e.g., Emoticons include representations of facial expressions, typically sideways, as well as representations of abstract concepts and emotions/feelings (e.g., <3). Fahlman, a professor at Carnegie Mellon’s School of Computer Science, who created them in an attempt to differentiate serious posts from joke remarks on a bulletin board. The first known emoticons :( and :) were proposed in 1982 and are attributed to Scott E. Emoticons (from emotion + icon) are symbols created by using punctuation, numbers, or letters, with the intention of transmitting feelings, emotional states, or information in the absence of words, or complementing a written message (Dresner & Herring, 2010 Krohn, 2004 Thompson & Filik, 2016). These came to be known as emoji, created with the goal of facilitating mobile communication (Negishi, 2014 Nelson, Tossell, & Kortum, 2015).Įmoticons and emoji have been considered a new medium to share daily narratives, emotions, and attitudes with others through ICTs (for a review, see Gülşen, 2016).
![winking smiley face for facebook winking smiley face for facebook](http://vignette4.wikia.nocookie.net/clubpenguin/images/e/e1/CPNext_Emoticon_-_Winking_Face.png)
In the late 1990s, the latter emerged as an independent strand of meaning and emotional expression through ideograms and pictographs that could be used across ICT platforms. These cues include typographical marks (i.e., letters and numbers) and ideograms (e.g., graphic symbols), identified as “typographic or text-based emoticons” and “graphic emoticons,” respectively (e.g., Huang, Yen, & Zhang, 2008 Wang, Zhao, Qiu, & Zhu, 2014). In particular, the use of written paralanguage cues in written communication, has been identified as a strategy to overcome the absence of certain cues, because they convey meaning (e.g., Lea & Spears, 1992). Instead, this absence may promote the implementation of uncertainty reduction strategies to compensate for the absence (Antheunis, Valkenburg, & Peter, 2007, 2010). However, other studies have shown that the absence of such cues does not necessarily render communications less effective. Some authors have suggested that these forms of communication filter out social, affective, and nonverbal/visual cues and can originate less effective communication outcomes (e.g., Walther, 1996 Walther & D’Addario, 2001). The LEED constitutes a readily available normative database (available at with potential applications to different research domains. We also examined the correlations between the dimensions and tested for differences between emoticons and emoji, as well as between the two major operating systems-Android and iOS. The norms obtained include quantitative descriptive results (means, standard deviations, and confidence intervals) and a meaning analysis for each stimulus. Participants were additionally asked to attribute a meaning to each stimulus. Each participant evaluated a random subset of 20 stimuli for seven dimensions: aesthetic appeal, familiarity, visual complexity, concreteness, valence, arousal, and meaningfulness. The sample included 505 Portuguese participants recruited online. The Lisbon Emoji and Emoticon Database (LEED) comprises 238 stimuli: 85 emoticons and 153 emoji (collected from iOS, Android, Facebook, and Emojipedia). This article presents subjective norms of emoji and emoticons provided by everyday users. However, the assumption that emoji/emoticon users’ interpretations always correspond to the developers’/researchers’ intended meanings might be misleading. They have also become popular as stimulus materials in scientific research. The use of emoticons and emoji is increasingly popular across a variety of new platforms of online communication.